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Metal surface strengthening processing technology

2025-07-30

A variety of metal surface hardening processes are available, all designed to improve the metal's surface wear resistance, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and hardness, thereby extending the life of metal products and enhancing their performance in extreme environments. The following are some common metal surface hardening processes:

1. Surface Hardening

Definition: A heat treatment method that uses rapid heating to austenitize the surface layer without changing the steel's chemical composition or core structure, followed by quenching to strengthen the surface of a part.

Main methods: Flame hardening and induction heating. Common heat sources include flames such as oxyacetylene or oxypropane.

Applications: Used to improve the mechanical strength, wear resistance, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance of parts.

2. Laser Surface Hardening

Definition: A focused laser beam is directed at the workpiece surface, rapidly heating a very thin layer of material to a temperature above the phase transition temperature or melting point, followed by rapid cooling, resulting in hardening and strengthening of the workpiece surface.

Classifications: Laser phase transformation hardening, laser surface alloying, and laser cladding.

Features: Small heat-affected zone, minimal deformation, and easy operation. Primarily used for locally strengthened parts.

3. Shot Peening

Definition: A technique in which a large number of high-speed projectiles are fired at the surface of a part, acting like countless small hammers striking the metal surface, causing a certain degree of plastic deformation in the surface and subsurface layers of the part, thereby achieving strengthening.

Application: Used to improve the mechanical strength, wear resistance, fatigue resistance, and corrosion resistance of parts. It can also be used for surface matting, descaling, and eliminating residual stress in castings, forgings, and welds.

4. Rolling

Definition: The process of rolling the machined surface of a steel part using freely rotating hardened steel rollers to induce plastic deformation, flatten any rough peaks on the surface, and generate favorable residual compressive stress, thereby improving the wear resistance and fatigue resistance of the workpiece.

Application: Primarily used for parts with simpler shapes, such as cylinders, cones, and planes.

5. Surface Coating Strengthening

Metal spraying: Metal powder is heated to a molten or semi-molten state, atomized using a high-pressure airflow, and sprayed onto the workpiece surface to form a coating. This technique can improve the material's wear resistance, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, and insulation properties.

Metal plating: Applying one or more metal coatings to the surface of a substrate material can significantly improve its wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and heat resistance. Electroplating and chemical plating are common coating methods. Electroplating deposits a metal or alloy coating on a metal surface through an electrolytic process, while chemical plating deposits a metal layer on the substrate surface using a chemical reduction method without an external power source.

Vapor deposition: A new coating technology in which a vapor phase containing a deposition element is deposited onto a material surface through physical or chemical methods to form a thin film. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are the two main vapor deposition methods.

6. Chemical Heat Treatment

Definition: A heat treatment process in which a workpiece is heated and maintained in a specific medium, allowing the active atoms in the medium to penetrate the workpiece surface, thereby changing the surface chemical composition and structure, and thus, its properties.

Main methods include carburizing, nitriding (commonly known as nitriding), and carbonitriding (commonly known as cyaniding and nitrocarburizing). These processes modify the chemical composition and structure of the metal surface by infiltrating different elements, thereby improving its properties.

7. Grinding and Polishing

Definition: A process that uses physical abrasives to remove surface irregularities, improve surface finish, and minimize surface defects.

Classifications: Mechanical polishing and chemical polishing. While polishing can achieve a very high level of surface finish, it generally does not improve or even maintain the original machining accuracy.